Recidivism of Sex Offenders Released from Prison in 1994
Short version
U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, November 3,
2003
Introduction
In 1994, prisons in 15 States released 9,691 male sex offenders.
The 9,691 men are two-thirds of all the male sex offenders
released from State prisons in the United States in 1994.
This report summarizes findings from a survey that tracked the 9,691
for 3 full years after their release. The report documents their
"recidivism," as measured by rates of rearrest, reconviction,
and reimprisonment during the 3-year followup period.
This report gives recidivism rates for the 9,691 combined total.
It also separates the 9,691 into four overlapping categories and
gives recidivism rates for each category:
 | 3,115 released rapists |
| 6,576 released sexual assaulters |
| 4,295 released child molesters |
| 443 released statutory rapists. |
The 9,691 sex offenders were released from State prisons in these
15 States: Arizona, Maryland, North Carolina, California, Michigan,
Ohio, Delaware, Minnesota, Oregon, Florida, New Jersey, Texas,
Illinois, New York, and Virginia.
Highlights [2]
The 15 States in the study released 272,111 prisoners altogether
in 1994. Among the 272,111 were 9,691 men whose crime was a sex
offense (3.6% of releases).
On average the 9,691 sex offenders served 3½ years of their 8-
year sentence (45% of the prison sentence) before being released
in 1994.
Rearrest for a new sex crime
Compared to non-sex offenders released from State prisons, released
sex offenders were 4 times more likely to be rearrested for a sex
crime. Within the first 3 years following their release from
prison
in 1994, 5.3% (517 of the 9,691) of released sex
offenders were
rearrested for a sex crime. The rate [*] for the 262,420 released
non-
sex offenders was lower, 1.3% (3,328 of 262,420).
[* of a sex crime, not the general rate, which is
68%.
Ipce]
The first 12 months following their release from a State prison was
the period when 40% of sex crimes were allegedly committed by the
released sex offenders.
Recidivism studies typically find that, the older the prisoner when
released, the lower the rate of recidivism. Results reported here
on released sex offenders did not follow the familiar pattern. While
the lowest rate of rearrest for a sex crime (3.3%) did belong to the
oldest sex offenders (those age 45 or older), other comparisons
between older and younger prisoners did not consistently show older
prisoners' having the lower rearrest rate.
The study compared recidivism rates among prisoners who served
different lengths of time before being released from prison in
1994. No clear association was found between how long they were
in prison and their recidivism rate.
Before being released from prison in 1994, most of the sex offenders
had been arrested several times for different types of crimes. The
more prior arrests they had, the greater their likelihood of being
rearrested for another sex crime after leaving prison. Released sex
offenders
| with 1 prior arrest (the arrest for the sex crime for which
they were imprisoned) had the lowest rearrest rate for a sex crime,
about 3%; |
| those with 2 or 3 prior arrests for some type of crime,
4%; |
| 4 to 6 prior arrests, 6%; |
| 7 to 10 prior arrests, 7%; and |
| 11 to 15 prior arrests, 8%. |
Rearrest for a sex crime against a child
The 9,691 released sex offenders included 4,295 men who were in
prison for child molesting.
Of the children these 4,295 men were imprisoned for molesting, 60%
were age 13 or younger.
Half of the 4,295 child molesters were 20 or more years older than
the child they were imprisoned for molesting.
On average, the 4,295 child molesters were released after serving
about 3 years of their 7-year sentence (43% of the prison sentence).
Compared to the 9,691 sex offenders and to the 262,420 non-sex
offenders, released child molesters were more likely to be
rearrested for child molesting.
| Within the first 3 years following release from prison in 1994, 3.3%
(141 of 4,295) of released child molesters were rearrested for
another
sex crime against a child. |
| The rate [*] for all 9,691 sex offenders (a category that includes
the
4,295 child molesters) was 2.2% (209 of
9,691). |
| The rate [*] for all 262,420 non-sex offenders was less than half
of 1% (1,042 of the 262,420). |
[* of a sex crime, not the general rate. (Ipce)]
Of the approximately 141 children allegedly molested by the child
molesters after their release from prison in 1994, 79% were age 13
or younger.
Released child molesters with more than 1 prior arrest for child
molesting were more likely to be rearrested for child molesting
(7.3%) than released child molesters with no more than 1 such
prior arrest (2.4%).
Rearrest for any type of crime
Compared to non-sex offenders released from State prison, sex
offenders had a lower overall rearrest rate. When rearrests for
any type of crime (not just sex crimes) were counted, the study
found that 43% (4,163 of 9,691) of the
9,691 released sex offenders
were rearrested. The overall rearrest rate for the
262,420
released non-sex offenders was higher, 68% (179,391 of 262,420).
The rearrest offense was a felony for about 75% of the 4,163
rearrested sex offenders. By comparison, 84% of the 179,391
rearrested non-sex offenders were charged by police with a
felony.
Reconviction for a new sex crime
Of the 9,691 released sex offenders, 3.5% (339
of the 9,691) were
reconvicted for a sex crime within the 3-year followup period.
Reconviction for any type of crime
Of the 9,691 released sex offenders, 24%
(2,326 of the 9,691) were
reconvicted for a new offense. The reconviction offense included all
types of crimes.
Returned to prison for any reason
Within 3 years following their release, 38.6%
(3,741) of the 9,691
released sex offenders were returned to prison. They were returned
| either because they received another prison sentence for a new
crime, |
| or because of a technical violation of their parole, such
as failing a drug test, missing an appointment with their parole
officer, |
| or being arrested for another crime. |
|
