Abercrombie, E., & Jacobs, B. (1988).
Systemic naloxone administration potentiated locus coeruleus noradrenergic neuronal activity under stressful but not non-stressful conditions. Brain Research, 441,362-366.
Adcock, M., & White, R. (Eds.). (1998).
Significant harm: Its management and outcome. Croydon, U.K.: Significant publications.
Ainsworth, M., Blehar, M., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978).
Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Arnsten, A. ( 1999).
Development of the cerebral cortex: XIV. Stress impairs prefrontal cortical function. Journal of the American Academy Qf Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 22~222.
Aston-Jones, G., Shipley, M., Chouvet, G., Ennis, M., van Bockstaele, E., Pieribone, V., Shiekhattar, R., Akaoka, H., Drolet, G., Astier, B., Charlety, P., Valentino, R., & Williams, J. (1991).
Afferent regulation of locus coeruleus neurons: Anatomy, physiology and pharmacology. Progress in Brain Research, 88,47-75.
Barbazanges, A., Vallee, M., Mayo, W., Day, J., Simon, H., Le Moal, M., & Maccari, S. (1996).
Early and later adoptions have different long-term effects on male rat offspring. The Journal of Neuroscience, 16,7783-7790.
Bateson, G. (1979).
How do sensitive periods arise and what are they for? Animal Behaviour, 27, 470-486.
Baxter, L., S<;hwartz, J., Bergman, K., Szuba, M., Guze, R., Mazziotta, J., Alazraki, A., Selin, C., Ferng, H., Munford, P., & Phelps, M. (1992).
Caudate glucose metabolic rate changes with both drug and behavior therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry 49,681-689.
Bender, B., Lerner, J., & Poland, J. (1991).
Association between corticosteroids and psychologic change in hospitalized asthmatic children. Annals of Allergy, 66,414-419.
Bernstein, E., & Putnam, F. (1986).
Development, reliability, and validity of a dissociation scale. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 174, 727-735.
Bjorklund, D. (1997).
The role of immaturity in human development. Psychological Bulletin, 122, 153-169.
Block, J., & Block, I. (1980).
The role of ego-control and egoresiliency in the organization of behavior. In W. Collins (Ed.), Minnesota symposia on child psychology; 13. Development of cognition, affect and social relations (pp. 39-101). Hillsdale, NI: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Bornstein, M. (1989).
Sensitive periods in development: structural characteristics and causal interpretations. Psychological Bulletin 105,179-197.
Bowlby, J. (1969).
Attachment. London: The Hogarth Press.
Bowlby, J. (1988).
A secure base; Clinical applications of attachment theory. London: Routledge.
Boyce, T., Frank, E., Jensen, P., Kessler, R., Nelson, C., & Steinberg, L. (1998).
The Macarthur Foundation Research Network on Psychopathology and Development. Development and Psychopathology 10, 143-164.
Boyce, W ., Barr, R., & Zeltzer, L. ( 1992).
Temperament and the psychobiology of childhood stress. Pediatrics, 90, 483-486.
Bremner, I., & Narayan, M. (1998).
The effects of stress on memory and the hippocampus throughout the life cycle : Implications for childhood development and aging. Development and Psychopathology, 10, 871-885.
Bremner, I., Randall, P., Scott, T., Capelli, S., Delaney, D., McCarthy, G., & Charney, D. (1995).
Deficits in short-term memory in adult survivors of childhood abuse. Psychiatry Research, 59, 97-107.
Bremner, I., Randall, P., Vermetten, E., Staib, L., Bronen, R., Mazure, C., Capelli, S., McCarthy, G., Innis, R., & Charney, D. (1997).
Magnetic resonance imaging-based measurement of hippocampal volume in post-traumatic stress disorder related to childhood physical and sexual abuse-a preliminary report. Biological Psychiatry, 41, 23-32.
Bremner, J., Southwick, S., Johnson, D., Yehuda, R., & Charney, D. (1993).
Childhood physical abuse and combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 235-239.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979).
The ecology of human development ; Experiments by nature and design. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.
Carlson, M., & Earls, F. (1997).
Psychological and neuro-endocrinological sequelae of early social deprivation in institutionalized children in Romania. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 807, 419-428.
Carlson, V., Cicchetti, D., Barnett, D., & Braunwald, K. (1989a).
Finding order in disorganization: Lessons from research on maltreated infants' attachments to their caregivers. In D. Cicchetti & V. Carlson (Eds.), Child maltreatment: Theory and research on the causes and consequences of child abuse and neglect (pp. 494-528). Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
Carlson, V., Cicchetti, D., Barnett, D., & Braunwald, K. (1989b).
Disorganised/disoriented attachment relationships in maltreated infants. Developmental Psychology, 25, 525-531.
Casanova, G., Domanic, J., McCanne, T., & Milner, J. (1994).
Physiological responses to child stimuli in mothers with and without a childhood history of physical abuse. Child Abuse and Neglect, 18, 995-1004.
Charney, D., Deutch, A., Krystal, J., Southwick, S., & Davis, M. (1993).
Psychobiological mechanisms of post-traumatic stress disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50.294-305.
Chrousos, G., & Gold, P. (1992).
The concepts of stress and stress system disorders: Overview of physical and behavioral homeostasis. Journal of the American Medical Association, 267, 1244-1252.
Chugani, H. ( 1998).
A critical period of brain development : Studies of cerebral glucose utilization with PET. Preventive Medicine, 27, 184-188.
Cicchetti, D., & Barnett, D. ( 1991 ).
Attachment organization in pre-school aged maltreated children. Development and Psychopathology, 3, 397-411.
Cicchetti, D., & Carlson, V. (Eds.) (1989).
Child maltreatment : Theory and research on the causes and consequences of child abuse and neglect. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cicchetti, D., & Rogosch, F. (1997).
The role of self-organization in the promotion of resilience in maltreated children. Development and Psychopathology, 9, 797-815.
Cicchetti, D., Rogosch, F., Lynch, M., & Holt, K. (1993).
Resilience in maltreated children: Processes leading to adaptive outcome. Development and Psychopathology, 5,629647.
Cicchetti, D., & Toth, S. (1995).
Child maltreatment and attachment organization: Implications for intervention. In S. Goldberg, R. Muir, & J. Kerr (Eds.), Attachment theory: Social, developmental, and clinical perspectives (pp. 279-308). London: The Analytical Press.
Cicchetti, D., & Tucker, D. (1994).
Development and self-regulatory structures of the mind. Development and Psychopathology, 6, 533-549.
Claussen, A., & Crittenden, P. (1991).
Physical and psychological maltreatment: Relations among types of maltreatment. Child Abuse and Neglect, 15,5-18.
Cohen, J. (1998).
Summary of the practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 997-1001.
Cohn, J., & Tronick, E. (1989).
Specificity of infants' response to mothers' affective behavior. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 242-248.
Condon, J. (1987).
The battered fetus syndrome: Preliminary data on the incidence of the urge to physically abuse the unborn child. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 175. 722-725.
Courchesne, E., Chisum, H., & Townsend, J. (1994).
Neural activity-dependent brain changes in development: Implications for psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology 6, 697-722.
Crittenden, P. (1988).
Relationships at risk. In J. Belsky & T. Nezworski (Eds.), Clinical implications of attachment theory (pp. 136-174). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Davidson, R. (1994).
Asymmetric brain function, affective style and psychopathology: The role of early experience and plasticity. Development and Psychopathology 6,741-758.
Davidson, R., Ekman, P., Saron, C., Senulis, J., & Friesen, W. ( 1990).
Approach/withdrawal and cerebral asymmetry: I. Emotional expression and brain physiology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 330-341.
Dawson, G., Frey, K., Panagiotides, H., Osterling, J., & Hessl, D. (1997).
Infants of depressed mothers exhibit atypical. frontal brain activity: A replication and extension of previous findings. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38, 179-186.
Dawson, G., Hessl, D., & Frey, K. (1994).
Social influences on early developing biological and behavioral systems related to risk for affective disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 6, 759-779.
De Bellis, M., Baum, A., Birmaher, B., Keshavan, M., Eccard, C., Boring, A., Jenkins, F., & Ryan, N. (1999).
Developmental traumatology Part I: Biological stress systems. Biological Psychiatry, 45, 1259-1270.
De Bellis, M., Chrousos, G., Dorn, L., Burke, L., Helmers, K., Kling, M., Trickett, P., & Putnam, F. (1994).
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis disregulation in sexually abused girls. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 7, 249-255.
De Bellis, M., Keshavan, M., Clark, D., Casey, B., Giedd, J., Boring, A., Frustaci, K., & Ryan, N. (1999).
Developmental traumatology Part II: Brain development. Biological psychiatry,45, 1271-1284.
De Bellis, M., Lefter. L., Trickett, P., & Putnam, F. (1994).
Urinary catecholamine excretion in sexually abused girls. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33, 320-327.
De Bellis, M., & Putnam, F. (1994).
The psychobiology of childhood maltreatment. Child and Adolescent Clinics of North America, 3, 663-678.
de Haan, M., Luciana, M., Malone, S., Matheny, L., & Richards, L. (1994).
Development, plasticity, and risk: Commentary on Huttenlocher, Pollitt and Gorman, and Gottesman and Goldsmith. In C. A. Nelson (Ed.), Threats to optimal development: Integrating biological, psychological and social risk factors (pp. 161-178). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Department of Health. (1989).
The Children Act. London: HMSO.
Egeland, B., & Erickson, M. (1987).
Psychologically unavailable caregiving. In M. Brassard, B. Germain, & S. Hart (Eds.), Psychological maltreatment of children and youth (pp. 110-120). Elmsford, NY: Pergamon.
Egeland, B., & Susman-Stillman, A. (1996).
Dissociation as a mediator of child abuse across generations. Child Abuse and Neglect, 20, 1123-1132.
Eisen, M., & Goodman, G. (1998).
Trauma, memory, and suggestibility in children. Development and Psychopathology, 10, 717-738.
Erickson, M., & Egeland, B. (1996).
Child neglect. In J. Briere, L. Berliner, J. Bulkley, C. Jenny, & T. Reid (Eds.), The APSAC handbook on child maltreatment (pp. 4-20). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Farber, N., Wozniak, D., Price, M., Labruyere, J., Huss, J., St Peter, H., & Olney, J. (1995).
Age-specific neurotoxicity in the rat associated with NMDA receptor blockade: Potential relevance to schizophrenia? Biological Psychiatry, 38, 788-796.
Field, T. (1998).
Emotional care of the at-risk infant: Early interventions for infants of depressed mothers. Pediatrics, 102 (No.5, suppl), 1305-1310.
Field, T., Pickens, J.. & Fox, N. (1995).
Vagal tone in infants of depressed mothers. Developmental Psychobiology, 7, 227-231.
Fox, N., Calkins, D., & Bell, M. (1994).
Neural plasticity and development in the first two years of life: Evidence from cognitive and socio-emotional domains of research. Development and Psychopathology, 6, 677-696.
Gallagher, M., & Chiba, A. (1996).
The amygdala and emotion. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 6, 221-227.
Galvin, M., Shekhar, A., Simon, J., Stilwell, B., Ten Eyck, R., Laite, G., Karwisch, G., & Blix, S. (1991).
Low dopamine beta-hydroxylase: A biological sequela ofabuse and neglect? Psychiatry Research, 39, I-II.
Galvin, M., Stilwell, B., Shekhar, A., Kopta, S., & McKasson Goldfarb. S. (1997).
Maltreatment, conscience functioning and dopamine β hydroxylase in emotionally disturbed boys. Child Abuse and Neglecl, 2 I, 83-92.
Galvin, M., Ten Eyck, R., Shekhar, A., Stilwell, B., Fineberg, N., Laite, G., & Karwisch, G. (1995).
Serum dopamine beta hydroxylase and maltreatment in hopitalized boys. Child Abuse and Neglect, /9,821-832.
George, C;, Kaplan, N., & Main, M. (1985).
Adult Attachment Interview. Unpublished interview, Berkeley, CA: University of California.
Gilles, E. (1993).
Abusive head injury in children: A review. Western State University Law Review, 20, 335-378.
Glaser, D., & Prior, V. (1997).
Is the term child protection applicable to emotional abuse? Child Abuse Review, 6, 315329.
Glod, C., Teicher, M., Hartman C., & Harakal, T. (1997).
Increased nocturnal activity and impaired sleep maintenance in abused children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 1236-1243.
Golier, J., & Yehuda, R. (1998).
Neuroendocrine activity and memory-related impairments in post-traumatic stress disorder. Development and Psychopathology, 10,857-869.
Gould, E., Beylin, A., Tanapat, P., Reeves, A., & Shors, T. ( 1999).
Learning enhances adult neurogenesis in the hippo-campal formation. Nature Neuroscience, 2, 260-265.
Gould, E., McEwen, B., Tanapat, P., Galea, L., & Fuchs, E. ( 1997).
Neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the adult tree shrew is regulated by psychosocial stress and NMDA receptor activation. Journal of Neuroscience, 17, 2492-2498.
Gray, J. ( 1982).
The neuropsychology of anxiety : An inquiry into the functions of the seplo-hippocampal system. Oxford : Oxford University Press.
Gray, J. (1987).
The psychology of fear and stress. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Greenough, W ., & Black, J. ( 1992).
Induction of brain structure by experience: Substrate for cognitive development. In M. R. .Gunnar & C. A. Nelson (Eds.), Minnesota symposia on child psychology 24: Developmental behavioral neuroscience (pp. .155-200). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Gunnar, M. (1992).
Reactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adreno-cortical system to stressors in normal infants and children. Pediatrics, 90,491-497.
Gunnar, M. (1998).
Quality of early care and buffering of neuro-endocrine stress reactions: Potential effects on the developing human brain. Preventative Medicine, 27,208-211.
Gunnar, M., Brodersen, L., & Krueger, K. (1996).
Dampening of adreno-cortical responses during infancy: Normative changes and individual differences. Child Development, 67, 877-889.
Gunnar, M., Brodersen, L., Nachmias, M., Buss, K., & Rigatuso, J. ( 1996).
Stress reactivity and attachment security. Developmental Psychobiology, 29, 191-204.
Gunnar, M., Larson, M., Hertsgaard, L., & Brodersen, L. ( 1992).
The stressfulness of separation among 9-month-old infants: Effects of social context variables and infant temperament. Child Development, 63, 290-303.
Gunnar, M., & Nelson, C. (1994).
Event-related potentials in year-old infants: Relations with emotionality and cortisol. Child Development 65, 80-94.
Harmer, A., Sanderson, J., & Mertin, P. ( 1999).
Influence of negative childhood experiences on psychological functioning, social support, and parenting for mothers recovering from addiction. Child Abuse and Neglecl, 23,421-433.
Hart, J., Gunnar, M., & Cicchetti, D. (1995).
Salivary cortisol in maltreated children: Evidence of relations between neuro-endocrine activity and social competence. Development and Psychopathology 7, 11-26.
Hart, J., Gunnar, M., & Cicchetti, D. (1996).
Altered neuro-endocrine activity in maltreated children related to symptoms of depression. Development and Psychopathology 8, 20 1-214.
Harter, S. (1983).
Developmental perspectives on the self-system. In P. Mussen & E. M. Hetherington (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: 4. Socialization. personality. and social developmenl (pp. 275-385). New York: Wiley.
Henriques, J., & Davidson, R. (1990).
Regional brain electrical asymmetries discriminate between previously depressed subjects and healthy controls. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 99, 22-31.
Hertsgaard, L., Gunnar, M., Erickson, M., & Nachmias, M. (1995).
Adreno-cortical responses to the Strange Situation in infants with disorganised/disoriented attachment relationships. Child Development, 66, 1100---1106.
Higley, J., Suomi, S., & Linnoila, M. (1992).
A longitudinal assessment of CSF monoamine metabolite and plasma cortisol concentrations in young rhesus monkeys. Biological Psychiatry,32, 127-145.
Hofer, M. (1994).
Hidden regulators in attachment, separation and loss. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development,59, 192-207.
Howe, D. (1998).
Patterns of adoption: Nature, nurture and psychosocial development. Oxford: Blackwell Science.
Howe, M. (1998).
Individual differences in factors that modulate storage and retrieval of traumatic memories. Development and Psychopathology, 10, 681--698.
Hubel, D., & Wiesel, T. (1979).
Brain mechanisms of vision. Scientific American, 241 , 150-162.
Huttenlocher, P. (1994).
Synaptogenesis, synapse elimination and neural plasticity in human cerebral cortex. In C. A. Nelson (Ed.), Minnesota symposia on child psychology: 27. Threats to optimal development: Integrating biological. psychological and social risk factors (pp. 35-54). Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum.
Ito, Y., Teicher, M., Glod, C., & Ackerman, E. (1998).
Preliminary evidence for aberrant cortical development in abused children: A quantitative EEG study. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 10, 298-307.
Ito, Y., Teicher, M., Glod, C., Harper, D., Magnus, E., & Gelbard, H. (1993).
Increased prevalence of electrophysiological abnormalities in children with psychological, physical and sexual abuse. Journal of Neuropsychiatry, 5, 401-408.
Izard, C., Porges, S., Simons, R., Haynes, 0., Hyde, C., Parisi, M., & Cohen, B. (1991).
Infant cardiac activity: Developmental changes and relations with attachment. Developmental Psychology, 27, 432-439.
Jacobson, J., & Jacobson, S. (1994).
Prenatal alcohol exposure and neurobehavioral development. Alcohol Health and Research World, 18, 30-36.
Jones, N., Field, T., & Fox, N. (1997).
EEG stability in infants/children of depressed mothers. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 28, 59-70.
Kaler, S., & Freeman, B. (1994).
Analysis of environmental deprivation: Cognitive and social development in Romanian orphans. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 35, 769-781.
Kandel, E., & Jessel, T. (1991).
Early experience and the fine tuning of synaptic connections. In E. R. Kandel, J. H. Schwartz, & T. M. Jessell (Eds.), Principles of neural science (pp. 945-958). New York: Elsevier.
Karr-Morse, R., & Wiley, M. (1997).
Ghosts from the nursery: Tracing the roots of violence. New York : Atlantic Monthly Press.
Kaufman, J. (1991).
Depressive disorders in maltreated children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 257-265.
Kaufman, J., Birmaher, B., Perel, J., Dahl, R., Moreci, P., Nelson, B., Wells, W., & Ryan, N. (1997).
The cortcotropin-releasing hormone challenge in depressed abused, depressed nonabused, and normal control children. Biological Psychiatry, 42, 669--679.
Kaufman, J., Birmaher, B., Perel, J., Dahl, R., Stull, S., Brent, D., Trubnick, L., AI-Shabbout, M., & Ryan, N. (1998).
Serotonergic functioning in depressed abused children: Clinical and familial correlates. Biological Psychiatry, 44, 973-981.
Kempermann, G., Kuhn, H., & Gage, F. (1997).
More hippocampal neurons in adult mice living in an enriched environment. Nature, 386, 493-495.
Kendell-Tackett, K., Williams, L., & Finkelhor, D. ( 1993).
Impact of sexual abuse in children: A review and synthesis of recent empirical studies. Psychological Bulletin, 113,164-180.
Kent, L., Laidlaw, I., & Brockington, I. (1997).
Fetal abuse. Child Abuse and Neglect, 21,181-186.
Kovacs, M. (1992).
Children's Depression Inventory Manual. Toronto: Multi-Health Systems.
Kraemer, G. (1992).
A psychobiological theory of attachment. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 15, 493-541.
Kraemer, G., Ebert, M., Schmidt, D., & McKinney, W. (1989).
A longitudinal study of the effect of different social rearing conditions on cerebrospinal fluid norepinephrine and biogneic amine metabolites in rhesus monkeys. Neuropsychopharmacology,2, 175-189.
Krystal, I., Southwick, S., & Charney, D. (1995).
Post traumatic stress disorder: Psychobiological mechanisms of traumatic remembrance. In D. Schacter (Ed.), Memory distortions: How minds, brains, and societies reconstruct the past (pp. 150-172). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Langeland, W., & Dijkstra, S. (1995).
Breaking the intergenerational transmission of child abuse: Beyond the mother-child relationship. Child Abuse Review, 4,4-13.
LeDoux, I. (1994):
Emotion, memory and the brain. Scientific American, 270, 32-39.
LeDoux, I. (1996).
The emotional brain: The mysterious underpinnings of emotional life. New York : Simon & Schuster .
Lewis, M. (1992).
Individual differences in response to stress. Pediatrics, 90, 487-490.
Liu, D., Diorio, I., Tannenbaum, B., Caldji, C., Francis, D., Freedman, A., Sharma, S., Pearson, D., Plotsky, P., & Meaney, M. (1997).
Maternal care, hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to stress. Science, 277, 1659-1662.
Maccari, S., Piazza, P., Kabbaj, M., Barbazanges, A., Simon, H., & Le Moal, M. (1995).
Adoption reverses the long-term impairment in glucocorticoid feedback induced by prenatal stress. The Journal of Neuroscience, 15, 110-1 16.
Main, M. (1990).
Metacognitive knowledge, metacognitive monitoring, and singular (coherent) versus multiple (incoherent) models of attachment: Findings and direction for future research. In C. Murray Parkes, I. Stevenson-Hinde, & P. Marris (Eds.), Attachment across the life cycle (pp. 127-159). London: Routledge.
Main, M., & Hesse, E. (1990).
Parents' unresolved traumatic experiences are related to infant disorganized attachment status: Is frightened and/or frightening parent behaviour the linking mechanism? In M. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti, & E. Cummings (Eds.), Attachment in the preschool years (pp. 161-182). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Main, M., & Solomon, I. (1990).
Procedures for identifying infants as disorganized/disoriented during the Ainsworth Strange Situation. In M. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti, & E. Cummings (Eds.), Attachment in the preschool years (pp. 121-160). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Manly, J., Cicchetti, D., & Barnett, D. (1994).
The impact of subtype, frequency, chronicity, and severity of child maltreatment on social competence and behavior problems. Development and Psychopathology, 6, 121-143.
Mattson, A., Gross, S., & Hall, T. (1971).
Psycho-endocrine study of adaptation in young hemophiliacs. Psychosomatic Medicine, 33,215-225.
Mayes, L., Bornstein, M., Chawarska, K., Haynes, M., & Granger, R. (1996).
Impaired regulation of arousal in 3month-old infants exposed pre-natally to cocaine and other drugs. Development and Psychopathology, 8, 29-42.
McCrone, E., Egeland, B., Kalkoske, M., & Carlson, E. (1994).
Relations between early maltreatment and mental representations of relationships assessed with projective storytelling in middle childhood. Development and Psychopathology, 6, 99-120.
McEwen, B. (1999).
Development of the cerebral cortex: XIII. Stress and brain development: II. Journal of the American Academy Qf Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38,101-103.
Meaney, M., Aitken, D., Bhatnagar, S., Van Berkel, C., & Sapolsky, R. (1988).
Effect of neonatal handling on age-related impairments associated with the hippocampus. Science, 238, 766-768.
Morton, N., & Browne, K. (1998).
Theory and observation of attachment and its relation to child maltreatment: A review. Child Abuse and Neglect, 22, 1093-1104.
Mueller, E., &Silverman, N. (1989).
Peer relations in maltreated children. In D. Cicchetti & V. Carlson (Eds.), Child maltreatment: Theory and research on the causes and consequence of child abuse and neglect (pp. 529-578). Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
Mullen, P., Martin, J., Anderson, S., Romans, S., & Herbison, G. ( 1996).
The long-term impact of the physical, emotional, and sexual abuse of children: A community study. Child Abuse and Neglect, 20,7-21.
Munck, A., Guyre, P., & Holbrook, N. (1984).
Physiological functions of glucocorticoids in stress and their relation to pharmacological actions. Endocrine Reviews, 5, 25-44.
Nachmias, M., Gunnar, M., Mangelsdorf, S., Parritz, R., & Buss, K. (1996).
Behavioral inhibition and stress reactivity: , The moderating role of attachment security. Child Development, 67, 508-522.
Nelson, C. A., & Bloom, E. (1997).
Child development and neuroscience. Child Development, 68,970-987.
Newcomer, J., Craft, S., Hershey, T., Askins, K., & Bardgett. M. (1994).
Glucocorticoid-induced impairment in declarative memory performance in adult humans. Journal of Neuroscience, 14,2047-2053.
Ney, P., Fung, T., & Wickett, A. (1994).
The worst combinations of child abuse and neglect. Child Abuse Chld Neglect, 18, 705-714.
Perry, B. (1994).
Neurobiological sequelae of childhood trauma: PTSD in children. In M. Murburg (Ed.), Catecholamine function in post-traumatic stress disorder: Emerging concepts (pp. 233-255). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
Perry, B., & Pollard, R. (1998).
Homeostasis, stress, trauma, and adaptation: A neuro-developmental view of childhood trauma. Child and Adolescent Clinics of North America, 7, 33-51.
Perry, B., Pollard, R., Blakley, T., Baker, W., & Vigilante, D. (1995).
Childhood trauma, the neurobiology of adaptation, and "use-dependent" development of the brain: How ..states " become.. traits ". Infant Mental Health Journal, 16, 271-291.
Plomin, R., Owen, M., & McGuffin, P. (1994).
The genetic basis of complex human behaviors. Science, 254, 1733-1739.
Plotsky, P., & Meaney, M. (1993).
Early, postnatal experience alters hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) mRNA, median eminence CRF content and stress-induced release in adult rats. Molecular Brain Research, 18, 195-200.
Pollak, S., Cicchetti, D., Klorman, R., & Brumaghim, T. ( 1997).
Cognitive brain event-related potentials and emotion processing in maltreated children. Child Development, 68, 773-787.
Post, R., & Weiss, S. (1997).
Emergent properties of neural systems: How focal molecular neurobiological alterations can affect behavior. Development and Psychopathology, 9, 907-929.
Post, R., Weiss, S., & Leverich, G. (1994).
Recurrent affective disorder: Roots in developmental neurobiology and illness progression based on changes in gene expression. Deve1opment and Psychopathology, 6, 781-813.
Quay, H. (1993).
The psychobiology of undersocialized aggressive conduct disorder: A theoretical perspective. Development and Psychopathology, 5, 165-180.
Rauch, S., van der Kolk, B., Fisler, R., Alpert, N., Orr, S., Savage, C., Fischman, A., Jenike, M., &Pitman, R. (1996).
A symptom provocation study of post-traumatic stress disorder using positron emission tomography and script-driven imagery. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53, 380-387.
Rind, B., Tromovitch, P., & Bauserman, R. (1998).
A meta-analytic examination of assumed properties of child sexual abuse using college samples. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 22-53.
Rogeness, G., Javors, M., & Pliszka, S. (1992).
Neurochemistry .V and child and adolescent psychiatry. Journal of lhe American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 765-781.
Rogeness, G., & McClure, E. (1996).
Development and neurotransmitter-environmental interactions. Development and Psychopathology, 8, 183-199.
Rogosch. F., Cicchetti, D., & Aber. L. (1995).
The role of child maltreatment in early deviations in cognitive and affective processing abilities and later peer relationship problems. Development and Psychopathology, 7, 591--609.
Rose. R.. Jenkins, C., Hurst, M., Livingston, L., & Hall. R. ( 1982).
Endocrine responses to stressful psychological events. Psychialric Clinics of North America, 3, 251-276.
Rutter. M.. and the English and Romanian Adoptees (ERA) study team (1998).
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 39, 465-476.
Sameroff. A. ( 1998).
Management of clinical problems and emotional care: Environmental risk factors in infancy. Pediatrics, 102, 5 (suppl), 1287-1292.
Sapolsky. R. (1996).
Why stress is bad for your brain. Science, 273.749-750.
Sapolsky. R., Uno, H., Rebert, S., & Finch, C. (1990).
Hippocampal damage associated with prolonged gluco-corticoid exposure in primates. Journal of Neuroscience, /0, 2897-2902.
Scarr, S. (1993).
Biological and cultural diversity: The legacy of Darwin for development. Child Development, 64, 1333-1353.
Schacter, D., Koutstaal, W., & Norman, K. (1996).
Can cognitive neuroscience illuminate the nature of traumatic childhood memories? Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 6, 207-214.
Scheeringa, M., Zeanah, C., Drell, M., & Larrieu, ]. (1995).
Two approaches to the diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder in infancy and early childhood. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 191-200.
Schiffer, F., Teicher, M., & Papanicolaou, A. (1995).
Evoked potential evidence for right brain activity during the recall of traumatic memories. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 7, 169-175.
Schore, A. ( 1994).
Affect regulation and the origin of the self: The neurobiology of emotional development. Hillsdale, N] : Lawrence Erlbaum.
Schore, A. (1996).
The experience-dependent maturation of a regulatory system in the orbital prefrontal cortex and the origin of developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 8, 59-87.
Shalev, A. (1996).
Stress versus traumatic stress: From acute homeostatic reactions to chronic psychopathology. In B. van der Kolk, A. McFarlane, & L. Weisaeth (Eds.), Traumatic stress: The effects of overwhelming experience on mind, body, and society (pp. 77-101). London: Guilford Press.
Sheline, Y., Wang, P., Gado, M., Csernansky,J., &Vannier, M. ( 1996).
Hippocampal atrophy in recurrent major depression. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science U.S.A., 93, 3908-3913.
Shields, A., Cicchetti, D., & Ryan, R. (1994).
The development of emotional and behavioral self regulation and social competence among maltreated school-age children. Development and Psychopathology, 6, 57-75.
Simantov, R., Blinder, E., Ratovitski, T., Tauber, M., Gabbay, , M., & Porat, S. (1996).
Dopamine induced apoptosis in human neuronal cells: Inhibition by nucleic acids antisense to the dopamine transporter. Neuroscience, 74, 39-50. \
Singer. W. ( 1987).
Activity-dependent self-organization of synaptic connections as a substrate of learning. [n J. Changeux & M. Konishi (Eds.), The neural and molecular basis of learning (pp. 301-336). New York: Wiley.
Singer, W. (1995).
Development and plasticity of cortical processing architectures. Science, 270, 758-764.
Southwick, S., Krystal, J., Morgan, A., Johnson, D., Nagy, L., Nicolaou,A., Heninger,G., & Charney, D. ([993).
Abnormal noradrenergic function in post-traumatic stress disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 266-274.
Squire, L. (1992).
Memory and the hippocampus: A synthesis of findings with rats, monkeys and humans. Psychological Review, 99, 195-231.
St George's Healthcare NHS Trust v S (1998);
R v Collins and others ex partes [1998]. 2 FLR, 728-760.
Stein, M., Koverola, C., Hanna, C., Torchia, M., & Mclarty, B. ( 1997).
Hippocampal volume in women victimized by childhood sexual abuse. Psychological Medicine, 27, 951-959.
Suchecki, D., Rosenfeld, P., & Levine, S. (1993).
Maternal regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the rat: The roles of feeding and stroking. Developmental Brain Research, 75, 185-192.
Suomi, S. (1991).
Adolescent depression and depressive symptoms: Insights from longitudinal studies with rhesus monkeys. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 20, 273-287.
Swett, C., Surrey, J., & Cohen, C. (1990).
Sexual and physical abuse histories and psychiatric symptoms among female psychiatric outpatients. American Journal of Psychiatry, /44, 632-636.
Taylor, V., & Taylor, D. (1979).
Critical period for deprivation amblyopia in children. Transactions of the Ophthalmological Societies of the UK, 99, 432-439.
Teicher, M., Glod, C., Surrey, J., & Swett, C. (1993).
Early childhood abuse and limbic system ratings in adult psychiatric outpatients. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 5, 301-306.
Thatcher, R. (1994).
Psychopathology of early frontal lobe damage: Dependence on cycles of development. Development and Psychopathology, 6, 565-596.
Thoenen, H. (1995).
Neurotrophins and neuronal plasticity. Science, 270, 593-598.
Todd, R. (1992).
Neural development is regulated by classical neuro-transmitters: dopamine D2 receptor stimulation enhances neurite outgrowth. Biological Psychiatry, 31,794-807.
Tucker, D. (1992).
Developing emotions and cortical networks. In M. R. Gunnar & C. A. Nelson (Eds.), Minnesota symposia on child psychology. 24: Developmental behavioral neuroscience (pp. 75-128). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Turner, A., & Greenough, W. ( 1985).
Differential rearing effects on rat visual cortex synapses. I. Synaptic and neuronal density and synapses per neuron. Brain Research, 329, 195203.
van der Kolk, B. (1994).
The body keeps the score: Memory and the evolving psychobiology of post-traumatic stress. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, I, 253-265.
van der Kolk, B., & Fisler, R. (1994).
Childhood abuse and neglect and loss of self-regulation. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 58, 145-168.
van der Kolk, B., Weisaeth, L., & van der Hart, O. (1996).
History of trauma in psychiatry. In B. van der Kolk, A. McFarlane, & L. Weisaeth (Eds.), Traumatic stress: The effects of overwhelming experience on mind, body, and society (pp. 47-74). London: Guilford Press.
Weinberg, K., & Tronick, E. (1998).
Emotional care of the at risk infant: Emotional characteristics of infants associated with maternal depression and anxiety. Pediatrics, /02 ( No.5, suppl), 1298-1304.
Widom, C. (1989).
Does violence beget violence? A critical examination of the literature. Psychological Bulletin, 106, 328.
Wiesel, T. (1982).
Postnatal development of the visual cortex and the influences of environment. Nature, 299, 583-591.
Wing, J., Nixon, 1., Mann, S., & Leff, J. (1977).
Reliability of the PSE used in a population study. Psychological Medicin, 7, 505-516.
Yehuda, R., Giller, E., Southwick, S., Lowy, M., & Mason, J. (1991).
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal dysfunction in Post-traumatic Stress Disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 30, 1031-1048.
Yehuda, R., Kahana, B., Binder-Brynes, K., Southwick, S., Mason, 1., & Giller, E. (1995).
Low urinary cortisol excretion in Holocaust survivors with post-traumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, /52,982-986.
Yehuda, R., Kahana, B., Schmeidler, J., Southwick, S., Wilson, S., & Giller, E. (1995).
Impact of cumulative lifetime trauma and recent stress on current post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in Holocaust survivors. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 1815-1818.
Zeanah, C., Boris, N., & Larrieu, J. (1997).
Infant development and developmental risk: A review of the past 10 years. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 165-178.
Zeanah, C., & Larrieu, J. (1998).
Intensive intervention for maltreated infants and toddlers in foster care. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 7, 357-371.
Zhang, L., Xing, G., Levine, S., Post, R., & Smith, M. (1997).
Maternal deprivation induces neuronal death. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 23, 1113.