Endnotes
- John Q. La Fond, Preventing Sexual Violence: How Society Should
Cope with Sex Offenders (Washington: American Psychological
Association, 2005).
- Tracy Velazquez, The Pursuit of Safety: Sex Offender Policy in the
United States (New York: Vera Institute of Justice, 2008).
- Wendy Koch, Sex-Offender Residency Laws Get Second Look (New York:
USA Today, 2007).
- Harriet L. MacMillan and others, “Primary Prevention of Child
Sexual Abuse: A Critical Review. Part II,” Journal of Child
Psychology and Psychiatry 35, no. 5 (1994): 857–76;
Sandy K.
Wurtele, Cindy L. Miller-Perrin, and Gary B. Melton, Preventing
Child Sexual Abuse: Sharing the Responsibility (University of
Nebraska Press, 1993).
- K. J. Zwi, “School-Based Education Programs for the Prevention
of Child Sexual Abuse,” Cochrane Database for Systematic Reviews 2
(2007): 1–44.
- Rebecca M. Bolen and M. Scannapieco, “Prevalence of Child Sexual
Abuse: A Corrective Meta-Analysis,” Social Service Review 73, no.
3 (1999): 281–313.
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Evidence and Health Policy in Mental
Health, Comparative Risk Assessment: Child Sexual Abuse (Sydney,
Australia: St. Vincent’s Hospital, 2001), pp. 1–121.
- Emily Douglas and David Finkelhor, “Childhood Sexual Abuse Fact
Sheet” (www.unh.edu/ccrc/factsheet/pdf/CSA-FS20.pdf
[accessed June 6, 2006]).
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Child Maltreatment
2006 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2008).
- David Finkelhor, “Current Information on the Scope and Nature of
Child Sexual Abuse,” Future of Children 4, no. 2 (1994): 31–53.
- Elizabeth O. Paolucci, Mark L. Genuis, and Claudio Violato, “A
Meta-Analysis of the Published Research on the Effects of Child
Sexual Abuse,” Journal of Psychology (January 2001).
A prospective
study follows children who have been identified as being sexually
abused to learn what happens as they develop.
- Stephen W. Smallbone, William L. Marshall, and Richard K. Wortley,
Preventing Child Sexual Abuse: Evidence, Policy, and Practice
(Portland, Ore.: Willan Publishing, 2008);
Stephen W. Smallbone and
Richard K. Wortley, “Onset, Persistence and Versatility of
Offending among Adult Males Convicted of Sexual Offenses against
Children,” Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment 16,
no. 4 (2004): 285–98.
- Velazquez, The Pursuit of Safety (see note 2).
- Rebecca M. Bolen, Child Sexual Abuse: Its Scope and Our Failure
(New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2001).
- Howard N. Snyder, “Sexual Assault of Young Children as Reported
to Law Enforcement: Victim, Incident, and Offender
Characteristics” (Washington: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2000),
pp. 1–17.
- Ibid.
- John A. Hunter, Juvenile Sex Offenders: A Cognitive-Behavioral
Treatment Program (Oxford University Press, 2009).
- Gene Abel and Nora Harlow, The Stop Child Molestation Book: What
Ordinary People Can Do in Their Everyday Lives to Save Three Million
Children (New York: Xlibris Corporation, 2001).
- Snyder, “Sexual Assault of Young Children” (see note 15).
- Kenneth V. Lanning, “A Law Enforcement Perspective on the
Compliant Child Victim,” APSAC Advisor (Special Issue): The
Compliant Child Victim 14, no. 2 (2002): 4–9.
- Denise Hines and David Finkelhor, “Statutory Sex Crime
Relationships between Juveniles and Adults: A Review of Social
Scientific Research,” Aggression and Violent Behavior 12 (2007):
300–14.
- Robert Barnoski, “Sex Offender Sentencing in Washington State:
Has Community Notification Reduced Recidivism Rates?” (Olympia,
Wash.: Washington State Institute for Public Policy, 2005), pp.
1–4.
- A. Harris and R. Karl Hanson, Sex Offender Recidivism: A Simple
Question (Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Public Safety Canada, 2004).
- Tali Klima and Roxanne Lieb, Risk Assessment Instruments to
Predict Recidivism of Sex Offenders: Practices in Washington State
(Olympia, Wash.: Washington State Institute for Public Policy,
2008), pp. 1–12;
Jami Krueger, “Sex Offender Populations,
Recidivism and Actuarial Assessment” (New York: New York State
Division of Probation and Correctional Alternatives, 2007), pp.
1–14.
- J. J. Prescott and Jonah E. Rockoff, “Do Sex Offender
Registration and Notification Laws Affect Criminal Behavior?”
(Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research, Columbia
University, 2008).
- Bob E. Vasquez, Sean Maddan, and Jeffery T. Walker, “The
Influence of Sex Offender Registration and Notification Laws in the
United States,” Crime and Delinquency 54, no. 2 (2008): 175–92.
- Barnoski, “Sex Offender Sentencing in Washington State” (see
note 22).
- Geneva Adkins, David Huff, and Paul Stageberg, “The Iowa Sex
Offender Registry and Recidivism” (Iowa: Department of Human
Rights, Division of Criminal and Juvenile Justice Planning and
Statistical Analysis Center, 2000), pp. 1–37.
- Barnoski, “Sex Offender Sentencing in Washington State” (see
note 22).
- Grant Duwe and William Donnay, “The Impact of Megan’s Law on
Sex Offender Recidivism: The Minnesota Experience,” Criminology
46, no. 2 (2008): 411–46.
- Richard G. Zevitz, “Sex Offender Notification: Assessing the
Impact in Wisconsin” (Washington: National Institute of Justice,
2000).
- Kristen Zgoba and others, “Megan’s Law: Assessing the
Practical and Monetary Efficacy” (Trenton, N.J.: Office of Policy
and Planning, New Jersey Department of Corrections, 2008), pp.
1–44.
- Klima and Lieb, Risk Assessment Instruments to Predict Recidivism
of Sex Offenders (see note 24).
- Zevitz, “Sex Offender Notification” (see note 31);
Richard G.
Zevitz and Mary Ann Farkas, “The Impact of Sex Offender Community
Notification on Probation/Parole in Wisconsin,” International
Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 44, no. 1
(2000): 8–21.
- Richard Tewksbury, “Collateral Consequences of Sex Offender
Registration,” Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 21, no. 1
(2005): 67–81.
- Barnoski, “Sex Offender Sentencing in Washington State” (see
note 22); Duwe and Donnay, “The Impact of Megan’s Law on Sex
Offender Recidivism” (see note 30).
- ChoicePoint, The Importance of Background Screening for
Nonprofits: An Updated Briefing (Alpharetta, Georgia: ChoicePoint,
2008).
- M. Meloy, M. Miller, and C. Kurtis, “Making Sense out of
Nonsense: The Deconstruction of State-Level Sex Offender
Residence,” American Journal of Criminal Justice 33, no. 2 (2008).
- Duwe and Donnay, “The Impact of Megan’s Law on Sex Offender
Recidivism” (see note 30);
Jill S. Levenson, “Residence
Restrictions and Their Impact on Sex Offender Reintegration,
Rehabilitation, and Recidivism,” ATSA Forum XVIII, no. 2 (2007):
1–12.
- Russell Loving, Jennie K. Singer, and Mary Maguire,
“Homelessness among Registered Sex Offenders in California: The
Numbers, the Risks and the Response” (Sacramento, Calif.:
California Sex Offender Management Board, California State
University, 2008), pp. 1–44.
- John E. Conklin, Why Crime Rates Fell, edited by Jennifer Jacobson
(Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 2003);
Stephen D. Levitt, “Understanding
Why Crime Fell in the 1990s: Four Factors That Explain the Decline
and Six That Do Not,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 18, no. 1
(2004): 163–90;
Doris MacKenzie, “Criminal Justice and Crime
Prevention,” in Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn’t,
What’s Promising, edited by Lawrence W. Sherman and others
(Washington: National Institute of Justice, 1997);
Richard
Rosenfeld, “The Case of the Unsolved Crime Decline,” Scientific
American 290, no. 2 (2004): 82–89;
William Spelman and Dale K.
Brown, Calling the Police: A Replication of the Citizen Reporting
Component of the Kansas City Response to Time Analysis (Washington:
Police Executive Research Forum, 1981).
- D. Weisburd, Lawrence W. Sherman, and A. J. Petrosino, “Registry
of Randomized Criminal Justice Experiments in Sanctions”
(unpublished report, Rutgers University, University of Maryland, and
Crime Control Institute, 1990).
- Sherman and others, eds., Preventing Crime: What Works, What
Doesn’t, What’s Promising (see note 41).
- Lawrence W. Sherman, “Defiance, Deterrence, and Irrelevance: A
Theory of the Criminal Sanction,” Journal of Research in Crime and
Delinquency 30 (1993): 445–73.
- Smallbone, Marshall, and Wortley, Preventing Child Sexual Abuse
(see note 12).
- H. G. Grasmick and G. J. Bryjak, “The Deterrent Effect of
Perceived Severity of Punishment,” Social Forces 59, no. 2 (1980):
471–91.
- J. K. Marques, “Effects of a Relapse Prevention Program on
Sexual Recidivism: Final Results from California’s Sex Offender
Treatment and Evaluation Project (SOTEP),” Sexual Abuse: A Journal
of Research and Treatment 17, no. 1 (2005): 79–107.
- R. Karl Hanson and others, “First Report of the Collaborative
Outcome Data Project on the Effectiveness of Psychological Treatment
for Sexual Offenders,” Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and
Treatment 14, no. 2 (2002): 169–94;
Friedrich Losel and Martin
Schmucher, “The Effectiveness of Treatment for Sexual Offenders: A
Comprehensive Meta-Analysis,” Journal of Experimental Criminology
1, no. 1 (2005): 117–46.
- A. Damashek and others, “Evidence-Based Treatment Models for
Child Abuse and Neglect: Reviews Drawn from the California
Evidence-Based Clearinghouse for Child Welfare,” in Handbook of
Evidence-Based Practice in Clinical Psychology, edited by M. Hersen
and P. Sturmey, in review.
- Ibid.
- Ibid.
- R. J. Wilson, J. E. Picheca, and M. Prinzo, Circles of Support and
Accountability: An Evaluation of the Pilot Project in South-Central
Ontario (Ottawa: Correctional Service of Canada, 2005), pp. 1–40.
- Smallbone, Marshall, and Wortley, Preventing Child Sexual Abuse
(see note 12).
- Wurtele, Miller-Perrin, and Melton, Preventing Child Sexual Abuse
(see note 4).
- Committee for Children, “Talking about Touching: Overview—A
Personal Safety Curriculum” (www.cfchildren.org/programs/tat/overview
[accessed January 6, 2009]).
- International Center for Assault Prevention (ICAP), “ICAP
Website” (www.internationalcap.org/home_aboutcap.html
[accessed January 6, 2009]).
- J. Berrick and Richard Barth, “Child Sexual Abuse Prevention
Training: What Do They Learn?” Child Abuse & Neglect 12
(1992): 543–53;
M. K. Davis and C. A. Gidycz, “Child Sexual
Abuse Prevention Programs: A Meta-Analysis,” Journal of Clinical
and Child Psychology 29, no. 2 (2000): 257–65;
David Finkelhor and
Nancy Strapko, “Sexual Abuse Prevention Education: A Review of
Evaluation Studies,” in Child Abuse Prevention, edited by D.
Willis, E. Holden, and M. Rosenberg (New York: Wiley, 1992), pp.
150–67;
Jan Rispens, Andre Aleman, and Paul P. Goudena,
“Prevention of Child Sexual Abuse Victimization: A Meta-Analysis
of School Programs,” Child Abuse & Neglect 21, no. 10 (1997):
975–87;
Deirdre MacIntyre and Alan Carr, “Prevention of Child
Sexual Abuse: Implications of Program Evaluation Research,” Child
Abuse Review 9 (2000): 183–99;
Zwi, “School-Based Education
Programs for the Prevention of Child Sexual Abuse,” (see note 5);
Martine Hebert and Marc Tourigny, “Child Sexual Abuse Prevention:
A Review of Evaluative Studies and Recommendations for Program
Development,” Advances in Psychology Research 29 (2004): 123–55.
- Davis and Gidycz, “Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Programs”
(see note 57).
- Zwi, “School-Based Education Programs for the Prevention of
Child Sexual Abuse” (see note 5).
- Wurtele, Miller-Perrin, and Melton, Preventing Child Sexual Abuse
(see note 4); Sandy K. Wurtele and others, “Comparison of Programs
for Teaching Personal Safety Skills to Preschoolers,” Journal of
Consulting and Clinical Psychology 57, no. 4 (1989): 505–11;
A.
Hazzard and others, “Predicting Symptomatology and Self-Blame
among Child Sex Abuse Victims,” Child Abuse & Neglect 19, no.
6 (1995): 707–14;
R. Ratto and G. A. Bogat, “An Evaluation of a
Preschool Curriculum to Educate Children in the Prevention of Sexual
Abuse,” Journal of Community Psychology 18 (1990): 289–97.
- R. Binder and D. McNiel, “Evaluation of a School-Based Sexual
Prevention Program: Cognitive and Emotional Effects,” Child Abuse
& Neglect 11, no. 4 (1987): 497–506;
David Finkelhor and
Jennifer Dziuba-Leatherman, “Victimization Prevention Programs: A
National Survey of Children’s Exposure and Reactions,” Child
Abuse & Neglect 19, no. 2 (1995): 129–39;
Wurtele and others,
“Comparison of Programs for Teaching Personal Safety Skills to
Preschoolers” (see note 60);
Wurtele, Miller-Perrin, and Melton,
Preventing Child Sexual Abuse (see note 4);
Ann Hazzard and others,
“Child Sexual Abuse Prevention: Evaluation and One-Year
Follow-Up,” Child Abuse & Neglect 15 (1991): 123–38;
D.
Nibert, S. Cooper, and J. Ford, “Parents’ Observations of the
Effect of a Sexual Abuse Prevention Program on Preschool
Children,” Child Welfare 68 (1989): 539–46;
H. L. Swan, A. N.
Press, and S. L. Briggs, “Child Sexual Abuse Prevention: Does It
Work?” Child Welfare 64 (1985): 395–405;
Sandy K. Wurtele,
“The Role of Maintaining Telephone Contact with Parents during the
Teaching of a Personal Safety Program,” Journal of Child Sexual
Abuse 2 (1993): 65–82;
Sandy K. Wurtele, “Teaching Personal
Safety Skills to Four-Year-Old Children: A Behavioral Approach,”
Behavior Therapy 21 (1990): 25–32;
Sandy K. Wurtele and others,
“A Comparison of Teachers vs. Parents as Instructors of a Personal
Safety Program for Preschoolers,” Child Abuse & Neglect 16
(1992): 127–37.
- David Finkelhor, Nancy Asdigian, and Jennifer Dziuba-Leatherman,
“The Effectiveness of Victimization Prevention Instruction: An
Evaluation of Children’s Responses to Actual Threats and
Assaults,” Child Abuse & Neglect 19, no. 2 (1995): 137–49;
Wurtele, Miller-Perrin, and Melton, Preventing Child Sexual Abuse
(see note 4);
Binder and McNiel, “Evaluation of a School-Based
Sexual Prevention Program” (see note 61);
David Kolko and others,
“Promoting Awareness and Prevention of Child Sexual Victimization
Using the Red Flag/Green Flag Program: An Evaluation with
Follow-Up,” Journal of Family Violence 2, no. 1 (1987): 11–35;
Wurtele and others, “Comparison of Programs for Teaching Personal
Safety Skills to Preschoolers” (see note 60);
Hazzard and others,
“Child Sexual Abuse Prevention” (see note 61);
Wurtele,
“Teaching Personal Safety Skills to Four-Year-Old Children” (see
note 61).
- E. J. Blumberg and others, “The Touch Discrimination Component
of Sexual Abuse Prevention Training: Unanticipated Positive
Consequences,” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 6 (1991):
12–28;
Wurtele, “The Role of Maintaining Telephone Contact with
Parents” (see note 61).
- Sandy K. Wurtele, L. C. Kast, and A. M. Melzer, “Sexual Abuse
Prevention Education for Young Children: A Comparison of Teachers
and Parents as Instructors,” Child Abuse & Neglect 16 (1992):
865–76;
Sandy K. Wurtele, “Enhancing Children’s Sexual
Development through Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Programs,”
Journal of Sex Education & Therapy 19 (1993): 37–46.
- L. E. Gibson and H. Leitenberg, “Child Sexual Abuse Prevention
Programs: Do They Decrease the Occurrence of Child Sexual Abuse?”
Child Abuse & Neglect 24, no. 9 (2000): 1115–25.
- Smallbone, Marshall, and Wortley, Preventing Child Sexual Abuse
(see note 12).
- Keith Kaufman and others, “New Directions for Prevention:
Reconceptualizing Child Sexual Abuse as a Public Health Concern,”
in Preventing Violence in Relationships: Developmentally Appropriate
Intervention across the Life Span, edited by P. A. Schewe
(Washington: APA Books, 2002), pp. 27–54.
- Kenneth V. Lanning, Child Molesters: A Behavioral Analysis
(Alexandria, Va.: National Center for Missing & Exploited
Children, 2001), pp. 1–160.
- Gibson and Leitenberg, “Child Sexual Abuse Prevention
Programs” (see note 65).
- Ibid.
- David Finkelhor, Nancy Asdigian, and Jennifer Dziuba-Leatherman,
“The Effectiveness of Victimization Prevention Programs for
Children: A Follow-Up,” American Journal of Public Health 85, no.
12 (1995): 1684–89.
- J. A. Durlak, School-Based Prevention Programs for Children and
Adolescents (Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1995).
- D. C. Grossman and others, “Effectiveness of a Violence
Prevention Curriculum among Children in Elementary School: A
Randomized Controlled Trial,” Journal of the American Medical
Association 277 (1997): 1605–11.
- John R. Weisz and others, “Promoting and Protecting Youth Mental
Health through Evidence-Based Prevention and Treatment,” American
Psychologist 60, no. 6 (2005): 628–48.
- Finkelhor, Asdigian, and Dziuba-Leatherman, “The Effectiveness
of Victimization Prevention Programs for Children: A Follow-Up”
(see note 71);
Zwi, “School-Based Education Programs for the
Prevention of Child Sexual Abuse” (see note 5).
- Finkelhor, Asdigian, and Dziuba-Leatherman, “The Effectiveness
of Victimization Prevention Programs for Children: A Follow-Up”
(see note 71).
- B. Andrews, “Bodily Shame as a Mediator between Abusive
Experiences and Depression,” Journal of Abnormal Psychology 104,
no. 2 (1995): 277–85.
- Denise Hines and David Finkelhor, “Statutory Sex Crime
Relationships between Juveniles and Adults: A Review of Social
Scientific Research,” Aggression and Violent Behavior 12 (2007):
300–14.
- Janis Wolak and others, “Online ‘Predators’ and Their
Victims: Myths, Realities and Implications for Prevention and
Treatment,” American Psychologist 63, no. 2 (2008): 111–28;
John
Palfrey and others, “Enhancing Child Safety and Online
Technologies: Final Report of the Internet Safety Technical Task
Force to the Multi-State Working Group on Social Networking of
United States Attorneys General” (Cambridge, Mass.: Berkman Center
for Internet and Society at Harvard University, 2008), pp. 1–278;
Kaveri Subrahmanyam and Patricia Greenfield, “Online Communication
and Adolescent Relationships,” Future of Children 18, no. 1
(2008): 119–46.
- Lisa Chasan-Taber and Joan Tabachnick, “Evaluation of a Child
Sexual Abuse Prevention Program,” Sexual Abuse: A Journal of
Research & Treatment 11, no. 4 (1999): 279–92.
- Stop It Now! “The Campaign to Prevent Child Sexual Abuse” (www.stopitnow.org/about.html);
Smallbone, Marshall, and Wortley, Preventing Child Sexual Abuse (see
note 12).
- Victoria L. Banyard, Mary M. Moynihan, and Elizabeth G. Plante,
“Sexual Violence Prevention through Bystander Education: An
Experimental Evaluation,” Journal of Community Psychology 35
(2007): 463–81;
J. Foubert, Joan Tabachnick, and Paul Schewe,
“Encouraging Bystander Intervention for Sexual Violence
Prevention” (unpublished manuscript, 2006).
- M. S. Tisak and J. Tisak, “Expectations and Judgments Regarding
Bystanders’ and Victims’ Responses to Peer Aggression among
Early Adolescents,” Journal of Adolescence 19 (1996): 383–92;
Helen Cowie and N. Hutson, “Peer Support: A Strategy to Help
Bystanders Challenge School Bullying,” Special Issue: Pastoral
Care in Education 23, no. 2 (2005): 40–44.
- Lisa M. Jones and others, “Do Children’s Advocacy Centers
Improve Families’ Experiences of Child Sexual Abuse
Investigations?” Child Abuse & Neglect 31 (2007): 1069–85;
Lisa M. Jones and David Finkelhor, “Protecting Victims’
Identities in Press Coverage of Child Victimization,” Journalism:
Theory, Practice and Criticism (in press).
- Judith A. Cohen and others, “A Multi-Site, Randomized Controlled
Trial for Children with Sexual Abuse-Related PTSD Symptoms,”
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
43, no. 4 (2004): 393–402.
- Jones and others, “Do Children’s Advocacy Centers Improve
Families’ Experiences of Child Sexual Abuse Investigations?”
(see note 84).
- Kathleen Kendall-Tackett, Linda M. Williams, and David Finkelhor,
“Impact of Sexual Abuse on Children: A Review and Synthesis of
Recent Empirical Studies,” Psychological Bulletin 113 (1993):
164–80.
- Smallbone, Marshall, and Wortley, Preventing Child Sexual Abuse
(see note 12).
- J. Saul and N. C. Audage, Preventing Child Sexual Abuse within
Youth-Serving Organizations: Getting Started on Policies and
Procedures (Atlanta, Ga.: Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control,
2007).
- Karen Franklin, “Will ‘Revolutionary’ Diana Screen End
Pedophile Menace?” (Online blog, cited 2/17/2009); available from:
http://forensicpsychologist.blogspot.com/2008/12/will-revolutionary-dian....
- David Finkelhor, Childhood Victimization: Violence, Crime, and
Abuse in the Lives of Young People (Oxford University Press, 2008).
- David Finkelhor and Lisa M. Jones, Explanations for the Decline in
Child Sexual Abuse Cases (Washington: Office of Juvenile Justice and
Delinquency Prevention, 2004).
- Ibid.
- Finkelhor, Childhood Victimization (see note 91);
David Finkelhor
and Lisa M. Jones. “Why Have Child Maltreatment and Child
Victimization Declined?” Journal of Social Issues 62, no. 4
(2006): 685–716.
- State Institute for Public Policy, “Homepage” (www.wsipp.wa.gov/topic.asp?cat=10&subcat=55&dteSlct=0).
- Public Safety Canada, “Homepage” (www.publicsafety.gc.ca/prg/cor/corre-eng.aspx).
- The National Child Traumatic Stress Network, “Homepage” (www.nctsnet.org/nccts/nav.do?pid=hom_main).
- Catholic Medical Association Task Force, To Prevent and to
Protect: Report of the Task Force of the Catholic Medical
Association on the Sexual Abuse of Children and Its Prevention
(Catholic Medical Association, 2006), pp. 1–58.
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