Table 1Long-Range Effects of Childhood Sexual Experiences[Pages 180, 181, 182] a An * indicates the study included a control population. b F = female, M = male, LC = lower class, MC = middle class, UC = upper class. c 1ndicates reported
outcomes, from very negative (- -), negative (-), neutral (0), to positive (+1). The first symbol indicates most frequent
outcome reported. |
Researcher, date, location |
Type and experience and age |
N a |
Sample source |
Ages and population studied b |
Method/
|
Long-range effects Reported c |
| Rasmussen (1934), Norway | Assault, including incest (children) | 54 | Court records | Adults (F, LC) |
Interviews, third-person reports | 0 to - |
| Sloane and Karpinski (1942), US (PA) | Parental, sibling incest (teen-age) | 5 | Family welfare agency | 18-26 (F, LC) |
Interviews (psycho- therapy) |
- to 0 |
| Bender and Grugett (1952), US (NY) | Various, prolonged (5-13) | 14 | Psychiatric hospital | 21-27 (M & F) |
Social and psychiatric follow-up | 0 to - - |
| Weinberg (1955), US (IL) | Parental, sibling incest | 203 | Criminal cases | Adults (F, LC) |
Structured interviews in home | - to - - |
| Landis (1956), US (CA) | Sex with adults (children) | 500* | University students | Adults (M & F, MC-UC) |
Questionnaires | 0 to - |
| Greenland (1958), GB | Parental, other incest (uk) | 7 | Advice column | 15-32 (F) | Analysis of letters | - to 0 |
| Kubo (1959), Japan | Parental, other incest (7-23) | 36 | Clinic and agency records | Adults (M & F, LC) |
Records and interviews | - to 0 |
| Vestergaard (1960), Denmark | Parental, other incest (8-17) | 13 | Court records | 23-32 (F, LC) |
Personal interviews | - - to - |
| Weiner (1962), US (NY) | Parental incest (10-13) | 5 | Psychotherapy with father | 10-23 (F, MC) |
Interviews with father | - to 0 |
| Brunold (1964) (NLs) | Assault (5-15) | 62 | Court records | 23 av, (M & F, LC) |
Personal and third-person interviews | 0, + to - - |
| Gagnon (1965), US | Various, with adults (prepuberty) | 333* | "Kinsey" study | Adults (F, MC) |
Structured interviews | 0 to - |
| Chaneles (1976), US | Assault, paternal incest (children) | 159 | Agency case records | Children (M & F, LC) | Conjecture | - |
| Medlicott (1967), New Zealand | Parental incest (children) | 27* | Psychotherapy cases | 18 up (M & F) |
Interviews (psychotherapy) |
-, - - to 0 |
| De Frances (1969), US (NY) | Sex offense by adults (0-15) | 263 | Child protection agencies | Children (M & F, LC) |
Objective and subjective measures | -- to 0 |
| Lukianowicz (1972), Northern Ireland | Parental, other incest (5-14) | 55 | General hospital patients | 11-33 (M & F, LC) |
Interviews (psychothepary) | 0 to - |
| Katan (1973), US (OH) | Rape (1-5) | 6 | Private practice | 20-40 (F, MC, UC) |
Interviews (psychotherapy) | - - |
| Benward & Densen-Gerber (1975), US | Parental, sibling incest (under 15) | 52* | Drug treatment center | Adol.-adults (F, LC) |
Structured interviews | - to - - |
| Molnar & Cameron 1975), Canada | Parental incest (14-17) | 18 | Hospital psychiatric department | 14-37 (F, LC) |
Interviews (psychotherapy) | - to - - |
| Herman & Hirschman1977), US | Parental incest (4-14) | 15 | Psychotherapy cases | 15-55 (F) |
Interviews (psychotherapy) | 0 to - |
| James & Meyerding (1977), Western US | Older partner (children) | 228 | Prostitutes | Adol.-adults (F, LC) | Questionnaires, interviews | - to - - |
| Meiselman (1978), US (CA) | Parental, other incest (3-11) | 58* | Psychiatric clinic | 11-43 (F, LC, MC) |
Interviews, charts, MMPI | -- to 0 |
| Justice & Justice (1979), US (TX) | Parental, sibling incest (children) | 112 | Clinical | Families (M, F) |
Interviews, records (psychotherapy) | - to - - |
| Gross (1979), US (OH) | Parental incest (13-15) | 4 | Hospital psychiatric clinic | 15-16 (F) |
Hysterical seizures | - - |
| Goodwin et al. (1979), US (NM) | Parental, other incest (0-10) | 6 | Hospital psychiatric department | 14-18 (F) |
Hysterical seizures | 0 to - - |
| Tsai et al. (1979), US | Incest and other (6-12 av.) | 60* | Clinical, non-clinical | 18-65 (F, MC) |
MMPI, scales, self-report | - to 0 |
| Bernard (1981), NLs | "With people" (7-15) | 30 | Convenience sample | 20-60 (M & F, LC-MC) |
Self-report | +, 0 to - |
| Symonds et al., (1981), US (CA) | Sibling, other incest (5-18) | 109 | Ads in newspapers | 26-45 (M & F, MC) |
Phone interviews | 0, + to - |
| Nelson (1981), US (CA) | Parental, other incest (3 up) |
100 | Ads in periodicals | 19-73 (M & F, MC) |
Questionnaires (mailed) | 0, = to - |
| Finkelhor (1981), US (NwEngland) | Sex with sibling (0-13+) | 796* | College students | Adults(M & F, MC-UC) | Questionnaires | 0, - to + |
| Fritz et al. (1981), US (WA) | Various (pre-pubertal) | 952* | College students | 18 up (M & F, MC) |
Questionnaires | 0 to - |
| Emslie & Rosenfeld (1983), US (CA) | Incest (4-14) | 26* | Psychiatric hospital | 9-17 (F) |
Personal interviews | 0 to - |
| Sedney & Brooks (1984), US | Various (children) | 301* | College students | 18-58 (F, MC, UC) |
Questionnaires | - |
| Cleveland (1986), US | Parental incest (5-8) | 3 | Mixed | 26-28 (F) |
Life history interviews | - to 0 |
| Kilpatrick (1986), US (GA & FL) | Various (0-14) | 501* | Deliberate sample | 18-66 (F, MC) |
Questionnaires, scales | 0, - to + |